Ramadhan, M. 2026. Air–Fuel Ratio Evaluation in Open-Loop ECU Mapping for a KZR Engine: A Trade-Off Analysis of Power, Torque, and Fuel-Efficiency Potential. AEEJ : Journal of Automotive Engineering and Vocational Education. 7, 1 (Jun. 2026), 57-68. DOI:https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24036/aeej.v7i1.318.