Fuel Consumption and Air–Fuel Ratio of a Modified-Compression-Ratio Engine Using 8- and 10-Hole Injectors with E90–E100 Bioethanol Blends
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Jun 30, 2026
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Abstract
High-bioethanol blends require appropriate fuel-injection control, particularly in engines with modified compression ratios. This study evaluated fuel consumption and air–fuel ratio (AFR) of a modified-compression-ratio spark-ignition engine using 8- and 10-hole injectors with E90, E95, and E100 blends. Experiments were conducted at engine speeds from 2000 to 8000 rpm. Fuel consumption was measured using a flow meter, while AFR was recorded during dynamometer testing. Fuel consumption increased with engine speed for both injector types. E90 produced the lowest average fuel consumption, at 1.102 L/hour for the 8-hole injector and 1.209 L/hour for the 10-hole injector. Across all fuel blends, the 8-hole injector showed lower average fuel consumption, whereas the 10-hole injector showed a narrower AFR range. These findings indicate that injector-hole configuration and high-bioethanol blend composition should be considered when tuning fuel delivery in modified-compression-ratio engines.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Reza, M., Purwanto, W., Sugiarto, T., & Wisesa, B. (2026). Fuel Consumption and Air–Fuel Ratio of a Modified-Compression-Ratio Engine Using 8- and 10-Hole Injectors with E90–E100 Bioethanol Blends. AEEJ : Journal of Automotive Engineering and Vocational Education, 7(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24036/aeej.v7i1.313
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[25] A. Verma, N. S. Dugala, and S. Singh, “Experimental investigations on the performance of SI engine with ethanol-premium gasoline blends,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 48, pp. 1224–1231, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.255.
[2] B. Paluri and D. Patel, “Combustion and performance characteristics of SI engine with bioethanol blended fuels,” International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 46, no. 15, pp. 24454–24464, 2022, doi: 10.1002/er.8759.
[3] A. Z. Mendiburu, C. H. Lauermann, T. C. Hayashi, D. J. Mariños, R. B. R. da Costa, C. J. R. Coronado, J. J. Roberts, and J. A. de Carvalho, “Ethanol as a renewable biofuel: Combustion characteristics and application in engines,” Energy, vol. 257, Art. no. 124688, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124688.
[4] M. Gajewski, S. Wyrąbkiewicz, and J. Kaszkowiak, “Effects of ethanol–gasoline blends on the performance and emissions of a vehicle spark-ignition engine,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 13, Art. no. 3466, 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18133466.
[5] Ł. Warguła, B. Wieczorek, Ł. Gierz, and B. Karwat, “Critical concerns regarding the transition from E5 to E10 gasoline in the European Union, particularly in Poland in 2024—A theoretical and experimental analysis of the problem of controlling the air–fuel mixture composition (AFR) and the λ coefficient,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 4, Art. no. 852, 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18040852.
[6] Y. Li, F. Ries, Y. Sun, H.-P. Lien, K. Nishad, and A. Sadiki, “Direct numerical simulation of atomization characteristics of ECN Spray-G injector: In-nozzle fluid flow and breakup processes,” Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 615–642, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10494-023-00514-2.
[7] M. B. Ahmed and M. W. Mekonen, “Effects of injector nozzle number of holes and fuel injection pressures on the diesel engine characteristics operated with waste cooking oil biodiesel blends,” Fuels, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 275–294, 2022, doi: 10.3390/fuels3020017.
[8] J. Gandolfo, B. Lawler, and B. Gainey, “Experimental study of high compression ratio spark ignition with ethanol, ethanol–water blends, and methanol,” Fuel, vol. 375, Art. no. 132528, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132528.
[9] D. Suresh and E. Porpatham, “Influence of high compression ratio on the performance of ethanol-gasoline fuelled lean burn spark ignition engine at part throttle condition,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 53, Art. no. 103832, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2023.103832.
[10] Muhaji, R. S. Hidayatullah, A. Ansori, and E. I. Rhofita, “Investigation of the effects of rice bran raw material bioethanol-gasoline blends on performance and emission spark plug ignition engine,” International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1097–1104, 2025, doi: 10.18517/ijaseit.15.4.20837.
[11] M. Hanifuddin, M. F. Taufiqurrahman, T. A. Setyawan, R. Anggarani, C. S. Wibowo, and B. Sugiarto, “Performance of a single-cylinder four-stroke engine with high concentrations of gasoline–ethanol–methanol (GEM),” Automotive Experiences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 407–415, 2023, doi: 10.31603/ae.9332.
[12] D. Tafesse and R. B. Nallamothu, “Experimental investigation on impact of fuel jet size on performance of gasoline–ethanol blend in a SI engine vehicle,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, Art. no. 30092, 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15717-y.
[13] A. Rondón, R. Aliaga, and J. Cuisano, “Fuel consumption and emissions analysis of a light vehicle fuelled with two ethanol–gasoline blends in urban driving conditions of Lima Metropolitana,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, Art. no. 99, 2021, doi: 10.3390/wevj12030099.
[14] M. K. Mohammed, H. H. Balla, Z. M. H. Al-Dulaimi, Z. S. Kareem, and M. S. Al-Zuhairy, “Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on SI engine performance and emissions,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 25, Art. no. 100891, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.100891.
[15] Á. I. Szabó, Z. T. Mursi, A. Wégerer, and G. Nagy, “Comprehensive efficiency analysis of ethanol–gasoline blends in spark ignition engines,” Eng, vol. 6, no. 10, Art. no. 256, 2025, doi: 10.3390/eng6100256.
[16] A. García Mariaca, J. Villalba, R. Morillo Castaño, and M. Bailera, “Performance and emissions of spark-ignition internal combustion engine operating with bioethanol–gasoline blends at high altitudes under low- and high-speed conditions,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 6, Art. no. 1401, 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18061401.
[17] Mokhtar, D. A. Sumarsono, A. A. Agama, A. Kurniawan, and H. Setiapraja, “Performance, emissions, and combustion analysis of gasoline-ethanol-methanol blends in a spark-ignition engine,” Results in Engineering, vol. 26, Art. no. 105264, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105264.
[18] S. G. Kulkarni and M. C. Navindgi, “Potential use of bio-ethanol performance on variable compression ratio petrol engine,” Engineering Research Express, vol. 7, no. 1, Art. no. 015560, 2025, doi: 10.1088/2631-8695/adb663.
[19] Q. Liu, B. Ma, Z. Zhang, C. Fu, and Z. Kang, “Potential issues and optimization solutions for high-compression-ratio utilization in hybrid-dedicated gasoline engines,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 15, Art. no. 4204, 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18154204.
[20] M. F. Ghazali, S. M. Rosdi, Erdiwansyah, and R. Mamat, “Effect of the ethanol-fusel oil mixture on combustion stability, efficiency, and engine performance,” Results in Engineering, vol. 25, Art. no. 104273, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104273.
[21] S. Liu, Z. Lin, H. Zhang, Q. Fan, N. Lei, and Z. Wang, “Experimental study on combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in a high compression ratio SI engine,” Energy, vol. 274, Art. no. 127398, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.127398.
[22] A. A. Elshenawy, S. M. Abdel Razik, and M. S. Gad, “Modeling of combustion and emissions behavior on the effect of ethanol–gasoline blends in a four stroke SI engine,” Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 15, no. 3, Art. no. 16878132231157178, 2023, doi: 10.1177/16878132231157178.
[23] A. Rimkus, S. Pukalskas, G. Mejeras, and S. Nagurnas, “Impact of bioethanol concentration in gasoline on SI engine sustainability,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 6, Art. no. 2397, 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16062397.
[24] S. Di Iorio, F. Catapano, A. Magno, P. Sementa, and B. M. Vaglieco, “The potential of ethanol/methanol blends as renewable fuels for DI SI engines,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 6, Art. no. 2791, 2023, doi: 10.3390/en16062791.
[25] A. Verma, N. S. Dugala, and S. Singh, “Experimental investigations on the performance of SI engine with ethanol-premium gasoline blends,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 48, pp. 1224–1231, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.255.